Historically, treaties with Indigenous nations, though coercively negotiated, were approved (ratified by) the U.S. Senate. However, the House of Representatives wanted increased power in acquiring land. To make this a reality, the U.S. officially ended its policy of formal treaty negotiations with Indigenous nations through a congressional resolution. There was no Indigenous consultation on this decision, which was hurriedly “tacked on to the Indian Appropriations bill of 1871” (Hirsch, “1871: The End of Indian Treaty-Making”). While previous treaties were still recognized as valid, Indigenous nations were no longer treated as relative sovereigns until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.